2.
   2022
/  

[   (. 1469-1799)]
: 3     :100
:    -    ,        
             
-
1. 16
            
2.             
 
-
3. 
       ?        

4.               
-
2.
5.               
      
6.             
-
7. 1716  1747 .           
 
8. 
             

2.
   2022
/  

[   (. 1469-1799)]
: 3     :100
:    -    ,        
             
-
1. 16
            
:16
         
 
16
       ,  
,      
           
 -      
  , ,     
     , 
      -  ,     ,   ,
  
  ', 16
            
      , 1526 ,        
     
  ,        
                
 
1.   
2.
        -    - , , , ,
             ' 
  , 
            

  ,       
            , , 
        ,  ,        
 
2.     
     -     ,  , ,  
                
                
-  ,      ""       
  ,        ,     
   ( )     ,       
       ,     
3.   
       '     -     
      ,          
   ,             , 
               
    
,    
         
 ,            ,
     
4.    
  -    -     , , 
               
 ,          
 '  
2.
  ,         , , 
  
   
 
    ,              
1.  
      '     ,      
         '    
  ,              
         
,  ,        ,       
             '  
2. 
16
             , 
,                
      ,    -      
 
        - '   ,
             ,   (
  ),        ,      
                
            
  
3.    
                
  ,    1469    16
   ,   
          
2.
       : •     
  
  : •        ,   
   
              
                
        
      
4.    
         ,     
     -     , ,    
   ,            
                
    ,      '      ' 


 , 16
          , , , 
        ,  ,    , 
           
                  
        -       ,
,        , 16
       
         
2.             
 
:󷈷󷈸󷈹󷈺󷈻󷈼          
󷈷󷈸󷈹󷈺󷈻󷈼-
2.
"   ",              
  ,  ,           
  ,    -         - '
       ,       '  
       ,       ,  
, -      
󷷑󷷒󷷓󷷔  :          ,     
       
     
󷈷󷈸󷈹󷈺󷈻󷈼  
  ,            
             
1. -- (  )
       
         ,     
 (1526)   
,        
2. -- ( )
   ,        
    ,         
      
3. -- ()
         ,      
         
4.        
--  --       
    
           ,  
     
󷷑󷷒󷷓󷷔     
       
,        
󷈷󷈸󷈹󷈺󷈻󷈼  
2.
     '  ,      
 
      ,      


1.  (     )
           
  - ,   15
-16
         
   
       
2.    
  (1551-1636)     
          
            
3.   ()
18
     
           
       
4.    -
  (  )       -,
    
 
   
,    -   -,  
       
5.    
       ,      
  
 
          (  )  
        
󷷑󷷒󷷓󷷔    
        
 ,         
󷈷󷈸󷈹󷈺󷈻󷈼 

 
 

 ,  
, 
2.

, , 
,  , 


-
-

, --

,    

 ,  
,  

 ,    
-,   
󷈷󷈸󷈹󷈺󷈻󷈼
     

     ,
    ,         
       ,       
 
  -  , ,     
-
3. 
       ?        

:󷊻󷊼󷊽-:    
?
         ,       
,   ,        '     -
        ,  -     
    ,    ,    
    ,         
            :
 (  '       )
 (            
     )
     ,      '    

󷊷󷊸󷊺󷊹 :       
󹵙󹵚󹵛󹵜   ?
2.
''            ,  
      '     ',    
                
        
󹵙󹵚󹵛󹵜 
   ?
    :
      
-       
        
  ,      
 ,         ,    22
   ,          
󹵙󹵚󹵛󹵜    ?
              
     :
     
        
 ( )   
 ( )  
    
   
        ,         
  
       ,     ' 
 
  
󷈷󷈸󷈹󷈺󷈻󷈼   
     
:
      -     
     
          
        
          
 ,          

2.
󷊻󷊼󷊽 :      
󹵙󹵚󹵛󹵜   ?
-            ,     
     ,       
     :
  
   
      
      
   ,              
󹵙󹵚󹵛󹵜  
-       :
  -    ( -   1/10 )
    
      
    
       
       
 -     
  
   
󷈷󷈸󷈹󷈺󷈻󷈼 :    
?
           :
     
  ( )         
        
        
           ' 
  
              
    
2.
󷉖󷉗󷉔󷉘󷉕     
  ,         ,     
     :
 
  
  
         ,        
          
󽀰󽀱󽀲󽀳󽀷󽀸󽀴󽀹󽀵󽀶   ' 
          :
       
     
        
      '  
             
󷊭󷊮󷊯󷊱󷊰󷊲󷊳󷊴󷊵󷊶    
             
  
   ,     
    
  -          
    
,       
 
         
2.
  
  ,         ,      
     
󷊨󷊩
        
;     ,
              
 ,       ,      
             ,   
 
            
    ,         

4.               
:󷈷󷈸󷈹󷈺󷈻󷈼          
󷈷󷈸󷈹󷈺󷈻󷈼-
1675    ,            
          
 -     
                 
 
,     ,     ' 
   
󷷑󷷒󷷓󷷔  :               
      ,         
 
󷈷󷈸󷈹󷈺󷈻󷈼 
     17
    ' 
            
 ,    ,       
 - '     ,    , 
   
,     ,       
2.
󷷑󷷒󷷓󷷔      ,      
󷈷󷈸󷈹󷈺󷈻󷈼 
   ,    -  

 
   ,        
 ,         ,  
            
   
 ,         ,     
     
󷷑󷷒󷷓󷷔          
󷈷󷈸󷈹󷈺󷈻󷈼     
      ,  ,    '   
      : "        
"
       ,        
   
 -          
 
  : "     ,    ,  
 
"
󷷑󷷒󷷓󷷔    
;           
󷈷󷈸󷈹󷈺󷈻󷈼  
              
  -   ,   ,      
 
 '     ,         
 
        :
o        
o       
o     
   
 ,     24  1675  ,     '
   
󷷑󷷒󷷓󷷔      ,    ,      
2.
󷈷󷈸󷈹󷈺󷈻󷈼   
1.    
        
    ,        

           
2.    
            
               
 -      
,        
3.    
   ,    '   
             
4.   ' 
       :       
 
 1699              
 
󹶓󹶔󹶕󹶖󹶗󹶘  
              
               
    : "    ,     
 "  
        
󷷑󷷒󷷓󷷔           -     
        
󷈷󷈸󷈹󷈺󷈻󷈼  
     "--" (   )    
               

      -    
            
 
2.
󹵍󹵉󹵎󹵏󹵐 



 

 ,   ,
   
   

  '

      

   
  
  
     
 
   


     
  , 
  
󷇮󷇭 
          
 -       
              , 
   ,            
              
-
5.               
      
:       
    ,          
 17
               
    ,          
,                 
                
            , ,  
         
     
       ;     
-            ,   
,               
   ,       
2.
  - , 1699
   13  1699    '      
               ,  
   
                    
              
    ,              
                  
   ,             :
1.    (    )
2.    (    )
3.    (    )
4.    (    )
5.    (    )
      ( )      
      -      
    
,              '   
     
  
       ( )       
  ()               ()
          ()  -  ( ) 
 
               - 
  ""         ,      
 ,        -       
                
;   
       
  ,   
     ?
2.
   
,          
    ,   :
1. -  ,       
2. -   ,    
 
3. -    ,  ,      
4. -    ,           

 
5. -   ,      
 
  ,       (  )     (  )
     
     
          
               :
    
  
   
 
     
     
 ,      
 -  ,     '
     
     
        ,     
1.     
  ,          ,     '
,             
           
 
2.       
             ,  
              
                
3.     
2.
            ,      -
  '            
4.    
    
;          ,
, ,            , 
     
5.      
             
,  
            

1699               
        
  , ,  
      
,        
    - -    
 ,     , 
      ,     ,    
      
6.             
:󷈷󷈸󷈹󷈺󷈻󷈼       
󷈷󷈸󷈹󷈺󷈻󷈼-
               
     
 ,           
                -
 ,   ,   ,      , 
             -   
       
󷷑󷷒󷷓󷷔  :              ,
    
   
2.
󷈷󷈸󷈹󷈺󷈻󷈼  
1.   
     1670       ,   
  
     
 ,  ,      
󷷑󷷒󷷓󷷔             ,   
      
2.  
15    ,     ()     
     ,        
  (  )         
󷷑󷷒󷷓󷷔             ,  
     
 
3.     
1708       
    ,          

           
 :  

""    ,          
󷷑󷷒󷷓󷷔  ,        
 -     
      
󷈷󷈸󷈹󷈺󷈻󷈼    
1.   
             :
o     '       

o     -     
              
 
󷷑󷷒󷷓󷷔          
2.
2.  
         ,       

     
     (1709)  ,      
     
       -       
     
3.   
  ,          '   
   (1709)   '  :
o         ,       
     
o       
          
o     
o  
    ,       

o     '   
󷷑󷷒󷷓󷷔     
 -          

4.   
          
         
      ,     
           

󷷑󷷒󷷓󷷔 ,          
5.     
1715            
    ,       
     1716          
  ,        ,     
 
󷈷󷈸󷈹󷈺󷈻󷈼    
2.
1.   :        , 
   
2.   :        
   
3.    
:          ,  
              
     
4.   :            
󹵍󹵉󹵎󹵏󹵐 
  


, 
 
 
    

  
 
-  


 
 
   

󷇮󷇭 
           ,     
 
            
           ,       -
   ,   ,      

-
7. 1716  1747 .           
 
:        (1716–1747 .)
         ,   1716  
          1699   , 
                , 
2.
               
 ,   ,       , 
   ,       ,   1716     
           
                  
            
     (1716  )
      ,          
,   --          
        -       
                
    ,         '   
   ,   : 
            ,    
   ,             
                 
     :     ,  
 ,
  '   ,           

 ,           
 - 
,       
     
   ,       1726  1745   ' 
  " "            
        ,         

,       
       ,   -   -    - 
              ,  
    ,          
2.
               
            :
 -    
 -    
      ,         
       :       ,  
      ' 
     ,     
          
 
 
   ,       
     :
1.      
    ,         ,
  ,            
'  ,        

2.    
              
 
,            
 
3.  
    
       ,   
,      '   
      

4.    
              
           
:    
1745 ,               
      
   ,    
     ,  ()       
    
2.
  -   ,   ,          - 
   (1739)       ()     
               :
     
   (1745-1747):    
1745  1747  ,          
    '  ,    ,       
                 
    
       
      ,    ( )
,   ,     ,     
 
 ,        -       
 

1716  1747             
  
  , , ,       
        ,      ,   
,              
 ,           
           18
     
                
,  
                 
    
8. 
             

:󷈷󷈸󷈹󷈺󷈻󷈼
        
󷈷󷈸󷈹󷈺󷈻󷈼-
2.

          ,    , -
    , ,          
     ,           
      '   ,     
     
󷷑󷷒󷷓󷷔  : -      ,      
      ,      
󷈷󷈸󷈹󷈺󷈻󷈼:    
1700     ,    ,  (   
     ),        
            
             
  
󷈷󷈸󷈹󷈺󷈻󷈼    
1.  
 :            
  '   
:     (25% )   (10% )  
  :-        
      
 :   , 
    
󷷑󷷒󷷓󷷔       ,        
 
2.  
       
:    ,       
  :       '   
 :      ,    

   :       ,
      
󷷑󷷒󷷓󷷔      
       
3.  
2.
     -       - '  

  :       
 :  -  '  ,   
       
 :-    ,     
  
󷷑󷷒󷷓󷷔            

 
4.  
           , 
 
   '    
:     ,        
    
 :      -    
:          
󷷑󷷒󷷓󷷔              
 
5.  
         
:      '  
  :     -  
 
 :   '   ,    
   
󷷑󷷒󷷓󷷔     
  -    ' 
,    ( )    
6.    
           
:     
 :      '  
:,        
 :             
  
2.
󷷑󷷒󷷓󷷔              
 
7.    
             :
o     (1765):    , 
   
o   (1793):   ,  
   '  
o   :        
󷷑󷷒󷷓󷷔       ,  
   
󷈷󷈸󷈹󷈺󷈻󷈼 

           
     
:  ( ),   (),   
()
:  ,      ,   
  
       , -   
󹵍󹵉󹵎󹵏󹵐 




 

, 
 
-  
 

, 
 
 
 

, 
 
 
 






 


 
󷇮󷇭 

             
 
     ,          
     ,     ,      
  
"              
 
       ,       
 "